Euthanasia Essay Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide

Isabella Costa Simao Professor James Kershner English Composition I (ENL 101-02) April 23, 2015 Research Paper Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Death is always a sensitive subject to talk about. That we are all going to one day die is certain. What is unknown is the condition under which it is going to happen. The process of dying is never easy, neither for the individual that is on his or her last stage of live, nor for the family and friends that have to watch someone they love going away. Although we all wish to have a peaceful and painless goodbye, it is not always the way it happens. Once diagnosed with a terminal disease, many patients wish they could have the autonomy to end their lives at a time of their own choosing, before pain becomes unbearable. Euthanasia is a controversial subject. It divides people on many levels, medical, ethical, religious and legislative. The main purpose of euthanasia is to assuage the patient’s suffering by giving the terminally ill patient autonomy to end his or her life. Although the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide is not yet legal in all parts of the United States, it should be legalized so that willing patients can seek the help of doctors to die with dignity, and ease their pain at the end of life. Technology and the discovery of new medication and treatments have enormously improved the medical field. Giving high hopes to sick people to get treatment and have their health restored. ItShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide Essay3656 Words   |  15 PagesEuthanasia and Assisted Suicide Explanatory Essay â€Å"At least 36 terminally ill people died last year after taking lethal medication prescribed by doctors under the Washington State’s new physician assisted suicide law passed in 2009† (Caplin et all). This law makes euthanasia and assisted suicide an option for the terminally ill patient without the interjection from others. Due to the physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia law, terminally ill patients have been requesting physician-assisted suicideRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide910 Words   |  4 PagesBackground about Euthanasia in The Netherlands. Patients Rights Council. Patients Rights Council, n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2015. This website address euthanasia, assisted suicide, advance directive, disability rights, pain control, and more. This article features background information on euthanasia and assisted suicide in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, for euthanasia or assisted suicide to be legal, â€Å"The patient must be experiencing unbearable pain†¦ must be conscious, The death request must beRead More Essay on Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide1175 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide    This paper will address some of the more popular points of interest involved with the euthanasia-assisted suicide discussion. There are less than a dozen questions which would come to mind in the case of the average individual who has a mild interest in this debate, and the following essay presents information which would satisfy that individuals curiosity on these points of common interest.    Euthanasia and assisted suicide are legal in theRead More Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesAssisted Suicide and Euthanasia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assisted suicide is one of the most controversial topics discussed among people every day. Everyone has his or her own opinion on this topic. This is a socially debated topic that above all else involves someone making a choice, whether it be to continue with life or give up hope and die. This should be a choice that they make themselves. However, In the United States, The land of the free, only one state has legalized assisted suicide. I am for assistedRead More Assisted Suicide Or Euthanasia Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pages ASSISTED SUICIDE or euthanasia On July 26, 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld decisions in New York and Washington State that criminalized assisted suicide. As of April 1999, physicians-assisted suicide is illegal in all but a couple of states. Over thirty states have established laws prohibiting assisted suicide, and of those who don’t have statues, a number of them prohibit it through common law. In Michigan, Jack Kevorkian was initially charged with violating the state statue. HeRead More Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide927 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia and Assisted Suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚   In her paper entitled Euthanasia, Phillipa Foot notes that euthanasia should be thought of as inducing or otherwise opting for death for the sake of the one who is to die (MI, 8). In Moral Matters, Jan Narveson argues, successfully I think, that given moral grounds for suicide, voluntary euthanasia is morally acceptable (at least, in principle). Daniel Callahan, on the other hand, in his When Self-Determination Runs Amok, counters that the traditionalRead More Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide1579 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide/Euthanasia      Ã‚   Remarkably, few have noticed that frail, elderly and terminally ill people oppose assisted suicide more than other Americans. The assisted-suicide agenda is moving forward chiefly with vocal support from the young, the able-bodied and the affluent, who may even think that their parents and grandparents share their enthusiasm. They are wrong.    Thus the assisted suicide agenda appears as a victory not for freedom, but for discrimination. At its heartRead MoreEssay on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia911 Words   |  4 PagesAssisted suicide brings a debate that involves professional, legal and ethical issues about the value of the liberty versus the value of life. However, before conceive an opinion about this topic is necessary know deeply its concept. Assisted suicide is known as the act of ending with the life of a terminal illness patients for end with their insupportable pain. Unlike euthanasia, the decision is not made by the doctor and their families, but by the patient. Therefore, doctors should be able to assistRead More Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide and the Supreme Court1540 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide and the Supreme Court      Ã‚   After the nations highest court declared that U.S. citizens are not constitutionally guaranteed the right to a physician-assisted suicide, the movement has sort of lost its steam. Why do the Supreme Court Justices consider legalization dangerous? How did it win legislative approval in Oregon in the first place? What is the current trend in public opinion about this question? This essay will delve into these questions. After the U.S. Supreme CourtRead More Euthanasia Essay - Religious Views on Assisted Suicide1212 Words   |  5 PagesOfficial Religious Views on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay is dedicated to the expression of the various official views of religious bodies within our nation. Most major denominations are represented. These religions have long been the custodians of the truth, serving to check the erratic and unpredictable tendencies of political, judicial and social bodies which would have Americans killing off their elderly and handicapped.    The National Association of Evangelicals

Body Image A Part Of Human Nature - 2188 Words

Keelan Apthorpe Hill TPSP, Period 3 27 October 2014 Body Image in American Society Body image is a part of human nature, and it leads people all around the world to be influenced by their culture and their surroundings. It reflects the way both men and women view themselves, both esthetically and internally. Negative body image can have psychological and physical effects on members of American society, consisting of inducing eating disorders, prompting low self-esteem, causing body dysmorphic disorder, and leading some to cosmetic surgery. Unfortunately, a not so uncommon problem in American society regarding body image is the development of eating disorders. Though the causes are not always known, a seriously negative perception of body image may result in unhealthy eating patterns. The two most widely known eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Those with anorexia believe that thinness is the key to self-worth and most are never satisfied with their own body image. Contrary to popular belief, anorexia does not deal directly with food; it has been described that anorexia is an unhealthy way to â€Å"cope with emotional problems† (Mayo Clinic). Dieting occupies most of their day, and many purposely starve to lose weight. Many of those affected refuse to maintain a healthy weight and become extremely thin, due to being intensely afraid of gaining weight. Another example of a prevalent eating disorder is bulimia nervosa. Bulimia results in binge eating, thenShow MoreRelatedStudy Guide Week 3 Essays1465 Words   |  6 Pagesdo good works? 1- The love of God 2- Gratitude 3- The command from the Bible 4- Pragmatism Etzel Gutierrez: Chs. 11–15 1. Does the image of God refer to something a human is or something a human does? Something a human is 2. Being created in the image of God should help to point one another to whom? King of Kings 3. Is the image of God mentioned in both the Old Testament and the New Testament? Yes 4. What ideas are included in the six different Greek words in theRead MoreThomas Aquinas : The Nature Of The Body951 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Aquinas makes the argument that the soul is not a body and expresses that it is part of the body itself. The mind is aware of the soul and to attempt to find the nature of the soul, he must premise that the soul is the first principle of life of animate and inanimate things. Life can be shown by both knowledge and movement. The soul is not a body but the first principle and act of a body, like the principle of seeing are the eyes. Aquinas is not a substance dualist like Descartes even thoughRead MoreAquinas: the Soul1260 Words   |  6 Pagesits intellectual operation. Thomas Aquinas, a medieval philosopher and theologian, tackles the topic of subsistence (i.e existence) of the human soul by looking into its power of cognition and scrutinizing its nature; more specifically, he studies the processes through which the soul can cognize the w orld that surrounds us and itself by the means of the body and the intellect. Life can be defined through its functions: movement, cognition, perception and nutrition. Aquinas attempts to unveil theRead MoreThe Golden Mean in Anatomy965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Golden Mean in Anatomy The Golden Mean is a mysterious number that has been found in plants, humans, art and even architecture. It was first discovered and studied by ancient mathematicians in Egypt a very long time ago. In the study of mathematics one realizes that many patterns often occur. None have been more relevant or fascinating that the golden ratio. 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Yet by reading closely the passage from the Epic of Gilgamesh, some aspects are quite similar in both societies. First this passage suggests that the human nature is violent

Crime and Punishment free essay sample

The Significance of Lazarus’s Resurrection In the Russian novel Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky, the main character, Raskalnikov goes through a vast time period of great psychological turmoil. When comparing and contrasting this death and reincarnation of his consciousness and mind to the biblical tale of Lazarus’s resurrection, the author not only highlights the extremeness of the crimes he has committed, but also touches on the importance of recognizing one’s guilt. This theme of reconciliation and religion becomes one of the central themes of the novel. Raskalnikov’s personality and behavior significantly changes right after he kills Alyona Ivanovna and her sister, Lizaveta. This event took place in total madness because the thoughts and sincerity that Raskalnikov held on to were murdered along with the woman. â€Å"But a sort of absentmindedness, even something live reverie, began gradually to take possession of him: as if he forgot himself at moments or, better, forgot the main thing and clung to trifles† (80). We will write a custom essay sample on Crime and Punishment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Raskalnikov begins to lose more and more of his mind, the story of Lazarus’s resurrection comes into play. In theory, this is a symbol for Raskalnikov’s mind. This comparison is significant because it provides an idea of the foreshadowing involving a reincarnation of morals and convictions. This also ties into another one of the novel’s themes which is the various versions of reality. Lazarus was dying of a disease on the border between death and life, whereas Raskalnikov was balancing on the border of madness and sanity. When Lazarus physically dies, Raskalnikov’s sanity also dies; the death of his mind. In part IV, chapter IV, Raskalnikov goes to Sonya’s room and demands her to read him the passage in the bible about Lazarus. â€Å"Raskalnikov partly understood why Sonya was hesitant to read to him, and the more he understood it, the more rudely and irritably he insisted on her reading† (326). As the reading goes on, he begins to understand how this is truly making Sonya feel inside. â€Å"He read it in her eyes, understood it from her rapturous excitement†¦ She mastered herself, suppressed the spasm verse, and continued her reading of the eleventh chapter of John’s Gospel† (327). Just as Jesus resurrected Lazarus from the grave, Sonya is Raskalnikov’s Christ-like figure who attempts to pull him back into reality. She offers him the moral thoughts and sincerities that he lost after he murdered the two sisters. No matter how severe Raskalnikov’s words or actions may be, Sonya always accepts him and turns to her religion and God to save and forgive him from an eternity in Hell. She is the base for the theme of religion throughout the novel. Eventually, Raskalnivov sees that he in fact he committed a crime and the only way to be reconciled is to â€Å"seek atonement†. The central theme of religion is very present in his realization that first he must be forgiven by God, before he can be forgiven by others. By accepting his guilt, Raskalnikov can again be compared to Lazarus who accepts Christ as his redeemer. Raskalnikov’s mind is reborn once he accepts his remorse for the crime he committed just as Lazarus accepts his new life through his resurrection. Both men accept Jesus as their savior, only Raskalnikov does this through Sonya. The themes of religion and love can be tied together as Raskalnikov realizes his deep love for Sonya, his savior. This last realization confirms that eternal life comes with the love of Christ. The story ends leaving the reader unsure of the destination of Raskalnikov’s life after his confession. â€Å"It was I who killed the official’s old widow and her sister Lizaveta with an axe and robbed them† (531). However, the theme is still prevalent through the end and Dostoevsky lets it sink in until both the audience and Raskalnikov can accept all of the consequences.

Conceptual Framework Fair value

Questions: 1. Explain why principles-based standards require a conceptual framework? 2. Why is it important that the IASB and FASB share a common conceptual framework? 3. It is suggested that several parties can benefit from a conceptual framework. Do you consider that a conceptual framework is more important for some parties than others? Explain your reasoning? 4. What is meant by a 'cross-cutting' issue? Suggest some possible examples of crosscutting issues? 5. What you think is the fundamental problem with financial statements based upon the historic cost measurement principle used under US GAAP? 6. What do you think of the principle' accounts must reflect economic reality' as a core principle of measurement in accounting? 7. How would you measure economic reality? 8. What is reliability in accounting? 9. The article states that the US standard setter FASB requires companies to record a provision in relation to environmental costs of retiring an asset if its fair value could be reasonably estimated. How do you think companies would go about estimating such a provision? 10. What aspects of the requirements were used by US companies to defer recognition of a liability? 11. In what ways does the recognition of the liability in relation to future restoration activity affect net profit in the current year and future years; and cash flow in the current and future years? 12. The article refers to changes in disclosure requirements relating to environmental liabilities in many countries around the world. How important is it that companies recognise the liability? To what extent is disclosure about the liability sufficient? Answers: 1. Principle based standards require conceptual framework Framework refers to the platform on which any kind of work can be done and Conceptual framework refers to the infrastructure framed for performing particular work or an activity keeping in consideration the values and concepts within the ambit of which the work or an activity is required to be performed. For defining and developing any accounting and reporting principles and practices, framework is required. If the framework is not present then the principles and practices will be prepared in random and disordered manner and will automatically result in the standards which may be inconsistent with the others and with the law prevailing for that standard. Thus, conceptual framework for financial reporting helps in defining the nature and aim of the accounting by considering the theoretical issues relating to the financial reporting (IASB, 2010 and Deegan,2006). There are two types of standards rules based and principle standard. The absence of conceptual framework leads to increase in the number of rule based standards whereas its availability leads to formation of principle based standards. Rule based standards details the rules which needs to be followed in the preparation of financial statements and these rules can easily be manipulated by the influence of some group or management whereas principle based standards are formed only on the basis of pre defined principles or concepts and the framework containing it (FASB,2002). If there is no conceptual framework, the principle based standards cannot be formed. Thus, in this manner, for setting up of the principle based standards presence of conceptual framework is of utmost importance. 2. IASB and FASB Share a common conceptual framework IASB and FASB have entered into joint project namely New Conceptual Framework Project wherein the main object is to revisit the frameworks within which standards have been set up for financial accounting and reporting purposes. The main aim of revisiting the conceptual framework is to come up with the common framework by redefining, updating and completing the existing framework. This new common framework will be shared by both the standard setting bodies. As per the new project, the main aim of both the bodies IASB and FASB is that the accounting and reporting standards shall be based on defined principles and policies which can be applied universally and uniformly instead of having the standards consisting of the principles and provisions which have been created out of the individual perceptions and arbitrary provisions and that too changes in case governing body of the standard setting board changes. Without having the common framework, there will always be the matter of argument or discussion over one issue or the other (Nash,2006). Along with this reason there are factors which require the sharing of common framework: The standards of one body shall be converged with the standard of other body. This is possible only by providing the common platform. It lays down the foundation for developing future standard and other accounting and reporting policies which shall be applied consistently and uniformly across the world. It facilitates the comparability, understandability and relevance of the financial information to the users of the financial statements. 3. Conceptual framework is more important for Some Parties than others As discussed, conceptual framework plays significant role in the financial accounting and reporting, it also provides various benefits to its users. One of the main parties who will get benefit of having the conceptual framework is the standard setter. Standard can only be defined when there is accounting and reporting framework and is defined and laid down by the standard setters. Along with him, there are other users. Another main party is the preparer of the financial statement. Preparer of the financial statement prepares the financial statements by keeping in view the standards set by the bodies which are known as International Financial Reporting Standards. Conceptual framework helps preparers in the way where no standard has yet been developed still the preparer forms the financial statements according to the developed conceptual framework. Another major party is the auditors of the organizations. Auditors are required to audit the financial statements of companies and give th eir opinion on the financial statements like whether it represents true and fair view or not. Auditors with the help of defined standards and where there is no standards with the help of conceptual framework checks the authenticity of financial information and gives their opinion. Third major parties are the users of the financial statements. Users of the financial statements are the stakeholder or shareholder of the companies and include banks, financial institutions, investors etc. By having the common conceptual framework, the users of the financial statements can interprets the information and can compare the same with the financial statements of the rivals of same companies. Thus, conceptual framework is more important to the other parties than the standard setters. 4. Cross Cutting Issues Cross cutting issues are defined in common parlance as the issues which are relevant to all aspects of the development like the environment, diseases, equality of gender, etc. Cross cutting issues in the context of accounting and financial reporting are defined as the issues which should be kept in consideration and are encountered when the development of any activity takes place in the field of accounting and financial reporting. These issues come across all the time and reappears whenever any sort of development takes place in the field of accounting and financial reporting. There is huge list of Cross cutting issues and following are some examples: Whether financial statements so prepared are for the use of shareholders of the company or for all the users of the financial statements, How an asset shall be defined? For instance, whether the term control shall form basic part of the definition of the asset or the event shall be defined for explaining control. How the recognition event for revenue shall be defined? For instance, it shall be defined on the basis of accrual or receipt. The concept of uncertainty and its effects. For instance, whether there will be an asset or liability in case any event that may happen in future which results in benefits or losses in the near future. Making the differences whether particular transaction is asset or liability or should be shown separately. (Bullen H, 2005) 5. Fundamental Problem in using Historic Cost Principle As per the historical cost principle, the asset or liabilities are recorded equivalent to the price of purchase or acquisition or with the amount of its incurring. The assets or liabilities so created are never revalued for appreciation or depletion in accordance with the current market prices. The basic and fundamental problem in the use of the historical cost principle is that the cost of an asset or the amount of liability does not change with the change in the market value. For instance, if the current market price of an asset increases then the figures stated in the financial statement are not reinstated to give effect to the change in the market price. This drawback give rises to another drawback which is defined as irrelevant (Whttington, 2007). By providing the historical cost based financial statements, the users of the financial information find the financial statements as irrelevant. The term irrelevancy is attached to the historical cost principle by most of the critics. (Nicole and Peppe, 2012). Users of the financial statements like bankers or investors requires the financial information which gives them the true picture of the financial results of the company and provides the insight to the users as to the amount realizable in case the company is wound up or provides the amount of cash flows which the company can generate in near future. Due to lack of this information, US GAAP and other bodies follows different measurement model which consists of mixture of the historical cost principle, fair value method and cash flows using discounted rates. 6. Economic Reality as a Core principle of measurement in accounting Economic reality is defined as the position of the economy of the world in real and fair terms which are relevant for making an analysis rather than providing the false position. For example, providing the actual death and birth rates by keeping the recent decade year as base year instead of having the start year of analysis as base year and providing the figures for people below poverty line and above that, minimum wage rate and the cost of living of normal people and so on. Economic reality in terms of accounting is referred to as the presentation of the financial statements to its users in the real and fair terms. Real term is referred to as the market or fair value with which the financial statements shall be stated. Thus, in this way, the concept of economic reality requires the financial statements to be stated with the market prices or fair value at the point of time and adjusted every time for change and thus emphasizes the importance of the concept of relevancy. There are various concepts that are described as the measurement principles of accounting like relevancy, comparability, understandability and reliability. The financial statements presented shall be reliable and relevant for the users of the financial statements and along with that it shall be understandable and comparable. As economic reality lays the focus only on the importance of relevancy and have left the portion of having reliable financial statements, I disagree with the statement that the economic reality is core principle for measurement in accounting. 7. Measurement of Economic Reality Economic reality is nothing but the economic position and performance of the company in real and fair terms as per the current market price and situations prevailing. To measure the economic reality, first all the items of the financial statements including the Balance Sheet, Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income shall be adjusted with the change in the market price as on that date and for the year respectively (CFA,2010). For example an asset purchased 30 years ago for $5,000 /- and stated in balance sheet at $1,250 after providing depreciation and impairment shall be adjusted for change in market price and shall be reported at the fair value as on the date of balance sheet. Similarly with the liabilities. The amount of liabilities shall be stated at the market price. After reinstating the same, the statements shall be made available for the users. The users then analyze the financial statements and information and if they find it relevant and comparable then the economic reality is positive. For instance, as per the current market price, it is assumed that the current net worth of the company shall be $200 billion and earnings per share shall be $20000 /- and the actual figures comes out with the approximate figures of the same then it will be assumed as the company has positive economic effect and the figures are real and sufficient to effect the decision of the users of the financial statements. Otherwise, the measurement of economic reality will serve no purpose and is less useful. 8. Reliability in Accounting As per the principle of reliability in accounting, only those transactions can be recorded in financial statements which can be easily verified and checked. For example, purchase of asset of $1000 with the invoice and payment has been made through cheque. In this way, the transaction of purchase of asset can be verified through invoice and cheque and thus can be recorded. Concept of reliability plays very significant role in the preparation of financial statements. Every user of the financial statements has reliance on the financial statements of the company. Only because of this reliance, financial institutions gives loans to the companies, investors invest their money in the company and so on. The financial information is said to be reliable only when the information is verifiable and genuine. These can be checked through invoices and payment mode, etc. After checking the reliability of financial information the auditors of the companies issues clean audit report otherwise they issues qualify audit report or sometimes issues disclaimer of opinion depending upon the circumstances and facts of the case. The reliability in accounting presupposes the presence of historical cost based accounting method. It underlines that an asset or liability shall be recorded with the purchase or acquisition price and thereafter adjusted for depreciation and impairment. Thus, the concept of reliability in accounting provides the reliable figures on which every users can easily rely and it does not focus the principle of fair value measurement as the figures in this method are questionable at each and every stage and are not authentic. 9.Provision of Environmental Costs As per the principle of prudence, losses shall always be anticipated and recorded in the books of accounts. Following the rule of prudence, it is very difficult and challenging task of estimating the provision of environmental costs because of the presence of the higher degree of uncertainty and contingency in the occurrence of environmental expenses like clean up costs, damages related to third party or damages of natural resources. Companies have different methods in estimating the cost varying from single outcome method to the probability methods. Therefore, it is clear that the one price can never be fitted to estimate the environmental costs (Ernst and Young, 2010). It is because in each case there are different uncertainties. Following are the methods to estimate the provision: Single Outcome In this method, the environmental costs is based on the estimate made by the engineer who is authorized professional to perform this task. But simultaneously it cannot be regarded as the best method because it assumes one overriding fact that the professional engineer knows the future and can certify the costs. ASTM - Association for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has provided four different methods by including the uncertainty analysis while estimating the environmental costs. First method is Expected Value Approach wherein the cost is equal to the estimated value of the probability of occurrence of all possible outcomes over the possible values. Second method is Most Likely approach, wherein the cost is equal to the amount in the scenario where the event is more likely to occur. Third method is Range of Values Approach. The cost ranges from the low to high with reliable assumptions and that too without probabilities. Last method is Known Minimum Value Approach. This is adopted when it can be reasonably identified that the costs will definitely occur (Sullivan, 2005). 10. Defer Recognition of Liability As per the provisions issued by United States Financial Accounting Standard Board (US FASB) in the year 2002, every corporation is required to make the provision for environmental cost in the financial statements on the retirement of an asset which will occur in the near future provided the fair market value of the environmental costs can be estimated. The pre requisite of having the fair market valuation of the environmental costs on making the provision of environmental costs has given way to many corporations to defer the creation of provision of environmental costs for future years and that too till the litigation or pending case be settled. The similar way has been adopted by the companies of United States. Second requirement that has been taken as plea for deferment of the liability for environmental costs is the uncertain time and method for settlement of the retirement of an asset. No certain method has been identified for valuing the environmental costs and also the correct time for settlement when the liability in actual arise cannot be determined. Companies of US has taken this plea also for deferment but it has not been come longer as the FASB in due time has clarified that the provision needs to be maintained even when the time or method for settlement is not certain and thus thereafter all the companies have created the piled up environmental costs of different properties in one year itself. Thus, US companies has been able to defer the creation of obligation towards environment for some years. 11. Affects of Recognition of the Liability By recognizing the liability of environmental costs, following affects has taken place: Net Profit On recognition of the liability towards the environmental costs, on one hand the liability will arise in the Balance Sheet and on the other hand the expenditure will be increased by an equal amount. As the expenditure is charged to the Statement of Income in the current year, therefore, net profit of the company will decrease. In the future years, there is no need to create the provision for environmental liabilities again and again unless there is requirement to reinstate the provision according to the market value in the future years. Therefore, in the future years there will be no effect in the Net profit or loss of the company. In the case study it is mentioned that once it has been clarified that the provision has to be maintained irrespective of the fact that the timing or the method is not certain. After that all the companies have created the provisions and the Net Profit of the companies has been gradually decreased in the current year as compared to the future years. Cash Flows As the payment has not been made in the current year, only the provision for environmental costs has been made, therefore, there will not be any cash inflow or outflow in the current year. In the future years, as the time for settlement comes, the environmental costs is required to be paid and thus in the future years the there will be cash outflow. 12.Importance of Recognition and Its Disclosure Importance of Recognition- Every standard mandates for every companies to comply with their provisions. By recognizing the environmental costs and liabilities thereon the financial statements of the company not only gives the true and fair view of the business of the company but also helps the users of the financial statements to analyze and compare the financial results of the company with the other companys financial results. All the statutory and regulatory bodies of different countries have made the standard as mandatory and lists down the disclosure requirements. Disclosure - Following disclosures shall be made: Environmental and Disposal Liabilities schedule shall contain the amount of cost recognized under various heads total estimated clean up costs or in bifurcation of recognized and unrecognized portion of clean up costs, amount of expenditure required to make the waste usable and the change if any in costs which has occurred due to change in conditions, statutory requirements, etc. A detailed note shall be given in the Notes to accounts detailing nature of the business, reasons for effecting the environment, number of properties, the amount of environmental costs estimated and the method used to estimate the same along with the list of properties. References Mac Donald L, (2002), Principle based approach to standard setting, FASB newsletter, available on https://www.fasb.org/project/principles-based_approach.shtml accessed on 24/01/2017. BullenH,(2005),Revisitingheconcepts,availableonhttps://www.fasb.org/cs/BlobServer?blobcol=urldatablobtable=MungoBlobsblobkey=idblobwhere=1175818825710blobheader=application%2Fpdf accessed on 24/01/2017. Nicole T and Peppe M, (2012), Fair value accounting versus historical cost accounting - the impact on financial statement presentation Ovidus, Romania. CFA,(2010),FairValueastheMeasurementbasisforfinancialinstruments,availableon https://www.cfainstitute.org/ethics/Documents/fair_value_as_measurement_basis.pdf accessed on 24/01/2017. Sullivan E, (2005), Estimating Environmental Liabilities, available on https://www.whitmanco.com/files/publications/Estimating_Environmental_Liabilities.pdf accessed on 25/01/2017 ErnstandYoung,(2010),FinancialReportingDevelopment:EnvironmentalObligations,availableon ttp://www.ey.com/publication/vwluassets/financialreportingdevelopments_bb0638_environmentalobligations_april2010/$file/financialreportingdevelopments_bb0638_environmentalobligations_april2010.pdf accessed on 25/01/2017International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), (2010), Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010 , pp 16-21 Deegan C, (2006), Financial Accounting theory, available on https://www.sekoyen.com/DeeganFAT_3e_Chapter_01.pdf accessed on 26/01/2017. Whttington G., (2007), Fair Value and the IASB / FASB Conceptual available on www.eiasm.be/userfiles/fair_value_and_the_iasb_septclean.doc on 25/01/2017. 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Candle Lab Report Essay Example

Candle Lab Report Paper Experimenting with a Candle Justin Nguyen Mrs. Howley 11/16/11 Mod F Purpose: the purpose is to learn how the process of a candle burning. The goals of this experiment are to practice in the art of observation, the art of questioning, and the development of a better understanding of this process. Hypothesis: through this experiment, we will learn how candle is working. Materials: * Candle * Note card * Matches or butane lighter * Aluminum foil * 1L beaker * Balance I. Candle Observation Procedure 1. Attached the candle to a note card by using melted wax. . Observe the candle carefully. Record as many observations as you can. 3. After that, light the candle. Observe the candle when it’s burning for at least 5 minutes. Record. 4. Blow the candle out. Observe the candle until no more changes are taking place. Observation before burning: + white +solid + the wick is black (got burned) +smell fresh Observation during burning: +fire +yellow on the very top of the wick, blue at the b ottom + melting - clear liquid +hot Observation after burning: +liquid + the wick turns into dark black + burn’s smell Liquid turns solid after leaving it for a while Questions: * Why do candles had many kind of color? * How many colors does a candle have? * During burning why does the light have many different color? * After burning, the candles melted into a clear liquid, what is it? * What type of liquid is that? * Why does it turn solid after it gets cool? II. Experimenting with a Candle Experiment 1: Prediction: the wick will release when the candle is extinguished burn. Procedure: 1. Light the candle 2. Let it burns for about a minute 3. Light a match 4. Blow the candle out 5. Place the lit match about one inch above the wick in the path of the gas. Try again if there is nothing happened. If it does, see if the same thing happens if the lit math is held higher above the wick. Observation: the gas released is above the candle’s wick Question: why does the wick released gas? What makes it release gas Experiment 2: Prediction: the candle will turn off because there are no fuels. Procedure: 1. Cut a piece of aluminum foil into a square with 3cm sides. 2. Use a pen tip to make a hole in the center of the foil. We will write a custom essay sample on Candle Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Candle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Candle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Make the hole as same side as the wick. 3. Place the aluminum over the wick. 4. Light the wick and observe for several minutes. Observation: the light turns off. Question: what type of material does the aluminum foil that make the light turns of Experiment 3 Prediction: it will create fog Procedure: 1. Light the candle 2. Lift a clean, dry 1 liter beaker with both hands and place it inverted over the candle. 3. Lift the beaker off the candle and place upright on the lab bench. 4. Observe the beaker carefully. Observation: there is fog around the beaker. Question: is it because of the heat of the light released that make the beaker foggy. Experiment 4 Prediction: the light will turn off Procedure: 1. Light the candle 2. Lift a clean, dry 1 liter beaker with both hand, place it over the candle 3. Observe the beaker carefully. 4. Wait for the beaker to cool and then clean it. Observations: the light turns off while the beaker was place over the candle. Question: is it because of the oxygen that make the light turn of Experiment 5: Prediction: the candle will get shorter while it gets burn. Procedure: 1. Determine the mass of a candle and base. . Burn for 4 minutes. 3. Determine the mass of the candle and base again. Observations: * Before burning: 18,46 g * After burning: 17. 40 g Question: while burning the candle, why didn’t the light use the oxygen as a fuels instead of using the candle? Discussions: through this experiment, I have seen and learned a lot more about the candle that they makes liquid. The candle is effect by ma ny things around it. For example, in this experiment, without oxygen it can’t burn, or because of the aluminum foil that stop the light from getting the fuels to produce light. Conclusion: I was able to successfully complete all of the objectives of this lab. I was surprised by the fact that candles produce liquid when they burn. Since the liquid is used to put out fires I didn’t think it could be made by one! Also, I thought the jumping flame trick was amazing. It looks like magic but I know that it isn’t. The flame just burns the flammable gas from the candle and relights the wick. I certainly understand how a candle works a lot better than I did before doing this lab. Pre- activity Questions 1. Paraffin and a wick . Paraffin is purified from crude oil, and is a petroleum product. 3. The hydrogen and carbon composition of paraffin is the reason it is a hydrocarbon. 4. Hydrogen and carbon 5. You throw it into the trash can 6. Blow the candle off Post- activity Questions 1. The wax. As the light burns the wax was melting into water 2. Gas 3. It melted into water. By observation 4. To make light. You always start to burn the light from the wick of the candle. 5. Carbon turns into CO2 6. Hydrogen turns into water 7. Hydrocarbon fuel + O2 CO2 + H2O

Rfid Based Attendance System Essays

Rfid Based Attendance System Essays Rfid Based Attendance System Paper Rfid Based Attendance System Paper The attendance system is basically an embedded one. Embedded stands for ‘hardware controlled by software’. Here, the software using a microcontroller controls all the hardware components. The microcontroller plays an important role in the system. The main objective of the system is to uniquely identify and to make attendance for a person. This requires a unique product, which has the capability of distinguishing different person. This is possible by the new emerging technology RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). The main parts of an RFID system are RFID tag (with unique ID number) and RFID reader (for reading the RFID tag). In this system, RFID tag and RFID reader used are operating at 125 KHz. The EEPROM used for storing the details has the capability of storing 256 person details at a time. The PC can be used for restoring all the details of attendance made. 1. 2 WHAT IS RFID? RFID stands for Radio-Frequency Identification. The acronym refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip and an antenna. The chip typically is capable of carrying 2,000 bytes of data or less. The RFID device serves the same purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip on the back of a credit card or ATM card; it provides a unique identifier for that object. And, just as a bar code or magnetic strip must be scanned to get the information, the RFID device must be scanned to retrieve the identifying information. The object of any RFID system is to carry data in suitable transponders, generally known as tags, and to retrieve data, by machine-readable means, at a suitable time and place to satisfy particular application needs. Data within a tag may provide identification for an item in manufacture, goods in transit, a location, the identity of a vehicle, an animal or individual. A system requires, in addition to tags, a means of reading or interrogating the tags and some means of communicating the data to a host computer or information management system. A system will also include a facility for entering or programming data into the tags, if this is not undertaken at source by the manufacturer. Quite often an antenna is distinguished as if it were a separate part of an RFID system. While its importance justifies the attention it must be seen as a feature that is present in both readers and tags, essential for the communication between the two. ?What is the purpose of RFID? RFID allows data to be transmitted by a product containing an RFID tag microchip, which is read by an RFID reader. The data transmitted can provide identification or location information about the product, or specifics such as date of purchase or price 1. 2. 1 Data Flow in RFID: To understand and appreciate the capabilities of RFID systems it is necessary to consider their constituent parts. It is also necessary to consider the data flow requirements that influence the choice of systems and the practicalities of communicating across the air interface. By considering the system components and their function within the data flow chain it is possible to grasp most of the important issues that influence the effective application of RFID. However, it is useful to begin by briefly considering the manner in which wireless communication is achieved, as the techniques involved have an important bearing upon the design of the system components. . 2. 1. 1 Wireless communication and the air interface Communication of data between tags and a reader is by wireless communication. Two methods distinguish and categories RFID systems, one based upon close proximity electromagnetic or inductive coupling and one based upon propagating electromagnetic waves. Coupling is via ‘antenna’ structures forming an integral feature in both tags and readers. While the term antenna is gener ally considered more appropriate for propagating systems it is also loosely applied to inductive systems. To transfer data efficiently via the air interface or space that separates the two communicating components requires the data to be superimposed upon a rhythmically varying (sinusoidal) field or carrier wave. This process of superimposition is referred to as modulation, and various schemes are available for this purpose, each having particular attributes that favour their use. They are essentially based upon changing the value of one of the primary features of an alternating sinusoidal source, its amplitude, frequency or phase in accordance with the data carrying bit stream. On this basis one can distinguish amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK). In addition to non-contact data transfer, wireless communication can also allow non-line-of-sight communication. 1. 2. 2 RFID Operating Frequencies ?Low Frequency (125 kHz) Applications: Access control, livestock, race timing, pallet tracking, automotive immobilizers, pet identification Inductively coupled devices, electro-mechanical field Antenna coil has many turns Read range (near contact to 1 meter) Limited data rate due to a lower bandwidth ?High Frequency (13. 56 MHz) Applications: Supply chain, wireless commerce, ticketing, product authentication, clothing identification, library book identification, smart cards Inductively coupled devices Fewer antenna turns than LF device Read range is from 1 to 1. 5 meters Higher data transfer rate than LF ?Ultra-High Frequency (860-960 MHz) Applications: Supply chain, tool tags, RTLS, EPC case and pallet RF communication uses propagation coupling Smaller reader antenna design than LF or HF Read distance (1 m to 10 m) High data transfer rate More complex reader electronic components 1. 2. 3 Data transfer rate and bandwidth Choice of field or carrier wave frequency is of primary importance in determining data transfer rates. In practical terms the rate of data transfer is influenced primarily by the frequency of the carrier wave or varying field used to carry the data between the tag and its reader. Generally speaking the higher the frequency the higher the data transfer or throughput rates that can be achieved. This is intimately linked to bandwidth or range available within the frequency spectrum for the communication process. The channel bandwidth needs to be at least twice the bit rate required for the application in mind. Where narrow band allocations are involved the limitation on data rate can be an important consideration. It is clearly less of an issue where wide bandwidths are involved. Using the 2. 4 2. 5 GHz spread spectrum band, for example, 2 megabits per second data rates may be achieved, with added noise immunity provided by the spread spectrum modulation approach. Spread spectrum apart, increasing the bandwidth allows an increase noise level and a reduction in signal-to-noise ratio. 1. 2. 4 Range: The range that can be achieved in an RFID system is essentially determined by: ? The power available at the reader/interrogator to communicate with the tag(s) ? The power available within the tag to respond ?The environmental conditions and structures, the former being more significant at higher frequencies including signal to noise ratio 1. 3 RFID SYSTEM AND COMPONENTS: 1. 3. 1 TRANSPONDER/TAG RFID tags are tiny microchips with memory and an antenna coil, thinner than paper and some only 0. 3 mm across. RFID tags listen for a radio signal sent by a RFID reader. When a RFID tag receives a query, it responds by transmitting its unique ID code and other data back to the reader. ?Tag Types Active Tags:Battery powered, long read range Semi-active:Battery power to preserve memory Passive Tags: Low-cost, no battery required, medium read range ?Active RFID Tags Active RFID tags, are called transponders because they contain a transmitter that is always, are powered by a batter, about the size of a coin, and are designed for communications up to 100 feet from RFID reade r. They are larger and more expensive than passive tags, but can hold more data about the product and are commonly used for high-value asset tracking. Active tags may be read-write, meaning data they contain can be written over. Semi-Active RFID Tags Semi-active tags contain a small battery that boosts the range and preserves memory. ? Passive RFID Tags Passive tags can be as small s 0. 3 mm and dont require batteries. Rather, they are powered by the radio signal of a RFID reader, which ? Â §wakes them up to request a reply. Passive RFID tags can be read from a distance of about 20 feet. They are generally reads ?32 mm and 23 mm capsule transponder inch key head transponder ?Smart Labels (Clear and Adhesive) ?Circular transponders 1. 3. 2 RFID READERS Readers are radio frequency devices that: ?Transmit and receive RF signals ?Contain a control unit to execute commands ?Incorporate an interface to transfer data ?Receives commands from a Host computer ?Passes data back to the Host RFID readers, also called interrogators, first and foremost are used to query RFID tags in order to obtain identification, location, and other information about the device or product the tag is embedded in. The RF energy from the reader antenna is collected by the RFID tag antenna and used to power up the microchip. READER CHARACTERISTICS: Stationary or handheld (different RFID Reader Modules) Weather-proof or industrialized Typical read ranges vary from a few centimeters to a few meters Read range is dependent upon: Broadcast signal strength Size of broadcast antenna Size of transponder antenna The environment Metallic, Liquid -Multi-frequency readers ?RFID read-only readers These devices can only query or read information from a nearby RFID tag. These readers are found in fixed, stationary applications as well as portable, handheld varieties. ?RFID read-write readers Also known as encoders, these devices read and also write (change) information in an RFID tag. Such RFID encoders can be used to program information into a ? Â §blank RFID tag. A common application is to combine such a RFID reader with a barcode printer to print. Smart labels contain a UPC bar code on the front with an RFID tag embedded on the back. 1. 3. 3 ANTENNAS: Antenna Characteristics: Transmits and receives RF signals Typically made of copper or aluminum, new technologies for printed antennas Stationary or handheld Weather-proof/industrialized Fixed or tunable 1. 3. 4 RFID System Considerations ?Read distance requirements Long read range Short read range ?Frequency All frequencies have their pros and cons ?ISO standards Proprietary or standards-based ?Government regulations Varies from country to country ?Multiple Tag Reading in Same Field Anti -collision ?Sensitivity to Orientation A single orientation or omni-directional ?Hardware Set-up Environment can affect performance Bonding ability Bonding surface Substrate Interference Historical reasons Security Reliability 1. 4 AREAS OF APPLICATION FOR RFID: Livestock tracking Automotive immobilizer Contact less payment Anti-theft Library books Speed pass Control Access Production/Inventory tracking A range of miscellaneous applications may also be distinguished, some of which are steadily growing in terms of application numbers. They include: -Animal tagging -Waste management -Time and attendance -Postal tracking -Airline baggage reconciliation -Road toll management 1. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF USING RFID TECHNOLOGY? No contact or even line-of-sight is needed to read data from a product that contains an RFID tag. This means no more checkout scanners at grocery stores, no more unpacking shipping boxes, and no more getting keys out of your pocket to start your car. RFID technology also works in rain, snow and other environments where bar code or optical scan technology would be useless. Contact le ss Credit Card Advantages Credit card companies are claiming the following advantages for contact less credit cards: The card is faster to use. To make a purchase, the card owner just waves his card over the RFID reader, waits for the acceptance indicator and goes on his way. American Express, Visa and MasterCard have all agreed to waive the signature requirement for contactless credit card transactions under $25. Looking at the numbers, here is where this technology is taking us in our need for speed (average transaction speeds): 1. Contact less credit card transaction: 15 seconds 2. Magnetic strip card transaction: 25 seconds 3. Cash transaction: 34 seconds The contact less card never transmits your card number. Instead, the RFID chip within the card creates a unique number for the transaction; if a criminal intercepted the number, it would be useless even if successfully decrypted. Contact less cards probably use other measures although this is just speculation, there are certainly other ways to secure the data on the card. For example, the RFID reader that sits on the merchants counter may use some sort of special signal, or offer a special set of frequencies, that would be difficult for a thief with an off-the-shelf reader to duplicate. 1. 6 COMMON PROBLEMS WITH RFID Some common problems with RFID are reader collision and tag collision. Reader collision occurs when the signals from two or more readers overlap. The tag is unable to respond to simultaneous queries. Systems must be carefully set up to avoid this problem. Tag collision occurs when many tags are present in a small area; but since the read time is very fast, it is easier for vendors to develop systems that ensure that tags respond one at a time. ?Problems with RFID Standards Different manufacturers have implemented RFID in different ways; global standards are still being worked on. It should be noted that some RFID devices are never meant to leave their network (as in the case of RFID tags used for inventory control within a company). This can cause problems for companies. Consumers may also have problems with RFID standards. For example, Exxon Mobil’s Speed Pass system is a proprietary RFID system; if another company wanted to use the convenient Speed Pass (say, at the drive-in window of your favorite fast food restaurant) they would have to pay to access it . On the other hand, if every company had their own Speed Pass system, a consumer would need to carry many different devices with them. RFID systems can be easily disrupted Since RFID systems make use of the electromagnetic spectrum (like WiFi networks or cell phones), they are relatively easy to jam using energy at the right frequency. Although this would only be an inconvenience for consumers in stores (longer waits at the checkout), it could be disastrous in other environments where RFID is incre asingly used, like hospitals or in the military in the field. Also, active RFID tags (those that use a battery to increase the range of the system) can be repeatedly interrogated to wear the battery down, disrupting the system. ?RFID Reader Collision Reader collision occurs when the signals from two or more readers overlap. The tag is unable to respond to simultaneous queries. Systems must be carefully set up to avoid this problem; many systems use an anti-collision protocol (also called a singulation protocol. Anti-collision protocols enable the tags to take turns in transmitting to a reader. ?RFID Tag Collision Tag collision occurs when many tags are present in a small area; but since the read time is very fast, it is easier for vendors to develop systems that ensure that tags respond one at a time. ?Security privacy problems with RFID An RFID tag cannot tell the difference between one reader and another. RFID scanners are very portable; RFID tags can be read from a distance, from a few inches to a few yards. This allows anyone to see the contents of your purse or pocket as you walk down the street. . ?RFID tags are difficult to remove RFID tags are difficult to for consumers to remove; some are very small (less than a half-millimeter square, and as thin as a sheet of paper) others may be hidden or embedded inside a product where consumers cannot see them. New technologies allow RFID tags to be printed right on a product and may not be removable at all. RFID tags can be read without your knowledge Since the tags can be read without being swiped or obviously scanned (as is the case with magnetic strips or barcodes), anyone with an RFID tag reader can read the tags embedded in your clothes and other consumer products without your knowledge. For example, you could be scanned before you enter the store, just to see wh at you are carrying. ?RFID tags can be read a greater distance with a high-gain antenna For various reasons, RFID reader/tag systems are designed so that distance between the tag and the reader is kept to a minimum. However, a high-gain antenna can be used to read the tags from much further away, leading to privacy problems. RFID tags with unique serial numbers could be linked to an individual credit card number. At present, the Universal Product Code (UPC) implemented with barcodes allows each product sold in a store to have a unique number that identifies that product. Work is proceeding on a global system of product identification that would allow each individual item to have its own number. When the item is scanned for purchase and is paid for, the RFID tag number for a particular item can be associated with a credit card number. . 7 WILL RFID REPLCE THE UPC BARCODE TECHNOLOGY? Probably not, at least not soon. Besides the fact that RFID tags still cost more than UPC labels, different data capture and tracking technologies offer different capabilities. Many businesses will likely combine RFID with existing technologies such as barcode readers or digital cameras to achieve expanded data captur e and tracking capabilities that meet their specific business needs. ?Advantages of RFID Versus Barcodes RFID tags and barcodes both carry information about products. However, there are important differences between these two technologies: Barcode readers require a direct line of sight to the printed barcode; RFID readers do not require a direct line of sight to either active RFID tags or passive RFID tags. RFID tags can be read at much greater distances; an RFID reader can pull information from a tag at distances up to 300 feet. The range to read a barcode is much less, typically no more than fifteen feet. RFID readers can read, RFID tags much faster; read rates of forty or more tags per second are possible. Reading barcodes is much more time-consuming; due to the fact that a direct line of sight is required, if the items are not properly oriented to the reader it may take seconds to read an individual tag. Barcode readers usually take a half-second or more to successfully complete a read. Line of sight requirements also limit the ruggedness of barcodes as well as the reusability of barcodes. (Since line of sight is required for barcodes, the printed barcode must be exposed on the outside of the product, where it is subject to greater wear and tear. RFID tags are typically more rugged, since the electronic components are better protected in a plastic cover. RFID tags can also be implanted within the product itself, guaranteeing greater ruggedness and reusability. Barcodes have no read/write capability; that is, one cannot add to the information written on a printed barcode. RFID tags, however, can be read/write devices; the RFID reader can communicate with the tag, and alter as much of t he information as the tag design will allow. RFID tags are typically more expensive than barcodes, in some cases. BLOCK DIAGRAM 2. 1 GNERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM (POWER SUPPLY+CONTROLLER SECTION+RFID) Figure 2. 1 General Block Diagram POWER SUPPLY: This block provides 5V and 9V DC supply to controller and RFID section respectively. It simply consists of a bridge rectifier along with a step down transformer of 230/0-12v, which converts 230v to 12v. The capacitor provide smoothing to the DC voltage. The regulator IC 7805 provides regulation by eliminating the ripples by setting DC output to fixed voltage. CONTROLLER SECTION: It is a main section of the project which consists of microcontroller AT89S52, RTC DS1307, E2PROM AT24C08, 16X2 LCD and all the necessary components to control the data flow, to display the data and provide the serial data to the RFID section. This section is the main interface between power supply and RFID section. RFID SECTION: This section is the heart of the project. The entire module includes RFID tag for marking attendance, RFID reader to detect the tag and an antenna coil which allows the reception of EM waves. 2. 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM SHOWING THE INSIDE VIEW OF THE CONTROLLER SECTION Figure 2. 2- Block Diagram Showing Inside View of Controller Section POWER SUPPLY 1: This block provides 5V supply to Microcontroller, RTC, E2PROM, MAX232, and DISPLAY. It simply consists of a bridge rectifier along with a step down transformer and also 7805. It uses capacitor for filtering when bridge rectifier converts 230V AC to 12V pulsating DC. It makes partial smooth dc that is given to 7805 and give an out put of 5V DC. MICROCONTROLLER: This section controls the functioning of the whole system and is interfaced with RTC, E2PROM, MAX232, and DISPLAY. RTC: It is DS1307 RTC. This section is interfaced with microcontroller . This RTC will display date and time when nothing is detected. It gives information about seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, POWER SUPPLY 2: This section is the backup supply voltage for RTC it is the 3v dc battery. It will provide voltage during the low power supply or power supply failure. With the help of this power supply RTC can keep track on its real time working. E2PROM: It is AT24C08. This section is external ROM to store the student data when internal ROM is full. Due to the extra storage requirement to store the student information it is require to extend the storage capacity of microcontroller that’s why EEPROM is connected in this section. It will store the data of around 256 students. MAX232: It is dual driver-receiver IC. This section helps to communicate with computer. It is required for transferring data of student from internal and external ROM. It is used to collect the daily data of student and keeps the record of the attendance saved in the computer. DISPLAY: It is 162 LCD display. This section display date and time when nothing is detected at reader side and shows student information when tag is detected at reader. POWER SUPPLY 3: It is inbuilt in the RFID module and provides 9v DC supply to the section. RFID MODULE: It is a ready-made module that contain ANTENNA coil, RFID READER and TAG shown in block diagram 3. 2. 3 RFID MODULE Figure 2. 3-RFID Module RFID READER: This block is heart of this module that read the tag with the help of antenna coil. It requires 5V DC supply for it’s functioning that is provided by 7805 mounted on RFID module PCB. ANTENNA: This helps the reader to detect the tag and provide the range of about 8 centimeters. It is an inductive coil of low impedance. It’s a loop antenna. BUZZER AND LED: This block gives indication about the tag reading. When tag comes in the range of reader the LED will glow and buzzer will generate a sound. 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3. 1 ENTIRE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Figure 3. 1-Entire Circuit Diagram Entire Circuit Diagram: The entire circuit diagram includes all the three sections that is controller, power supply and the RFID section. AT89S52 is 8-bit microcontroller with 8k bytes of in-system programmable flash memory. LCD, RTC, EEPROM and MAX232 all are interfaced with the microcontroller. The reader gives the serial data of the ID it reads to the microcontroller. A 5v DC supply is required by the entire circuit except the RFID section. The reader section is a 28-pin IC. Pin 27 28 are for connection to the antenna. A buzzer is connected across the pins 3 12. Pin 6 gives the serial data to the microcontroller. A 9v DC supply is required for RFID section which is provided separately in the module. AT24C08 is the EEPROM which is used for storing details of the student’s data. It has the capability of storing 256 person details at a time. It enhances the data storing capability of the system. 162 LCD will initially display date and time, and when a TAG is showed it will display the username of the TAG. MAX232 is dual driver-receiver that is used for communication with a PC. DS1307 is a serial real time clock (RTC). It provides 2-wire serial interface nad is used for low power applications. 3V supply is needed for DS1307. In actual the connection between microcontroller and RFID module is not single wired connection. It is RS232 connection. The module having female RS232 connector and microcontroller having male RS232 connector. . 2 CONTROLLER SECTION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Figure 3. 2-Controller Section Circuit Diagram Controller Section Circuit Diagram: The controller section contain AT89S52 (Micro controller), AT24C08 (EEPROM), MAX 232 (Dual driver), 16X2 LCD,DS1307 (RTC). Microcontroller is the heart of entire section that controls all operation. Microcontroller is interfaced with EEPROM. It is external ROM provided to e xtend the data storage capacity of the system. When internal ROM memory become full the extra data then store to this EEPROM. It will store around 256 student data. Pin 21 and 22 of microcontroller is connected to pin 5 and 6 of EEPROM respectively pin 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 are connected to the ground and pin 8 is connected to Vcc. For real time operation microcontroller is connected to RTC DS1307. It provides information about second, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years. It has information up to year 2100. It automatically sets the days in particular month. Microcontroller is interfaced with RTC to show date and time when card is not detected at reader side. It connected to RTC through pin 5(serial clock), pin 6(serial data), pin 7(square wave/output driver) via pin 3(P1. 2), pin2(P1. ), pin1(P1. 0) of microcontroller. A crystal of 32. 768 Khz is connected across to provide the required baud rate. It is connected to 3V battery to maintain the real time operation when power is OFF. Microcontroller is interfaced with LCD which display’s the information when the tag is detected. When no Tag is detected at reader side it display date and time . Whenever Tag is detected it shows the Tag related data on display. Four switches are provided to scroll the menus in LCD. Microcontroller is connected to MAX232 to communicate between system and computer. It communicates via RS232 connector. 3. 3 READER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Figure 3. 3-RFID Circuit Diagram RFID Reader: RFID is an acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID is one member in the family of Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) technologies and is a fast and reliable means of identifying just about any material object. There are several characteristics of an RFID reader that determine the types of tags with which it can communicate. The most fundamental characteristic is the frequency or frequencies at which the reader’s radio communicates. Readers and tags must be tune to same frequency in order to communicate. Some RFID readers can communicate at more than one frequency. Some corporation offers a dual-frequency RFID reader and tag product line. Supporting dual-frequency communications enables these types of readers to operate efficiently in changing environments. Most RFID readers communicate exclusively with active tags or exclusively with passive tags. This means that an RFID reader that is manufactured to communicate with passive tags will not be able to communicate with active tags and vice versa. Passive tags are generally smaller, lighter and less expensive than those that are active and can be applied to objects in harsh environments, are maintenance free and will last for years. These transponders are only activated when within the response range of a reader. The RFID reader emits a low-power radio wave field which is used to power up the tag so as to pass on any information that is contained on the chip. A key feature of an RFID reader is the number of tags that it can sample in its tag population. Some readers may be able to sample 10 tags a second while others may be able to sample 100 tags a second. The following items usually influence the number of tags sampled per second: ?The anti-collision algorithm used by the tags The processing capabilities of the reader which usually maps to the type and speed of processor in the reader ? The amount of memory in the reader ?The capabilities of the digital signal processor in the reader’s radio RFID readers come in many sizes, frequencies and with different data processing and reporting capabilities. Understanding these characteristics is important for designing an RFID solution that will function properly and be maintainable. Antenna: The antenna in an RFID tag is a conductive element that permits the tag to exchange data with the reader. Passive RFID tags make use of a coiled antenna that can create a magnetic field using the energy provided by the readers carrier signal. The antenna used for an RFID tag is affected by the intended application and the frequency of operation. Low-frequency (LF) passive tags are normally inductively coupled, and because the voltage induced is proportional to frequency, many coil turns are needed to produce enough voltage to operate an integrated circuit. Compact LF tags, like glass-encapsulated tags used in animal and human identification, use a multilayer coil (3 layers of 100–150 turns each) wrapped around a ferrite core. The scanning antennas can be permanently affixed to a surface; handheld antennas are also available. They can take whatever shape you need; for example, you could build them into a doorframe to accept data from persons or objects passing through. When an RFID tag passes through the field of the scanning antenna, it detects the activation signal from the antenna. That wakes up the RFID chip, and it transmits the information on its microchip to be picked up by the scanning antenna. How RFID Works How does RFID work? A Radio-Frequency Identification system has three parts: A scanning antenna A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data A transponder the RFID tag that has been programmed with information. The scanning antenna puts out radio-frequency signals in a relatively short range. The RF radiation does two things: It provides a means of communicating with the transponder (the RFID tag) AND It provides the RFID tag with the energy to communicate (in the case of passive R FID tags). 3. 4 POWER SUPPLY Figure 3. 4 Power Supply Circuit Diagram This circuit generates positive 5V DC supply which is given to the controller section. It consists of 230V/0-12V transformer. A bridge rectifier is formed by the bridge connections of four 1N4007 diodes. The output is full wave varying DC since it utilizes the entire AC cycle. Smoothing is performed by a large capacitor connected across the DC supply. It is done by C3 and it smoothes DC to small ripples. LM7805 is the regulator IC which eliminates ripples by setting DC output to fixed voltage. 4 HARDWARE 4. 1 AT89S52 8-bit Microcontroller with 8K Bytes In-System Programmable Flash Features ?Compatible with MCS-51 Products ?8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles ? 4. 0V to 5. 5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz ?Three-level Program Memory Lock ?256 x 8-bit Internal RAM ?32 Programmable I/O Lines ?Three 16-bit Timer/Counters ?Eight Interrupt Sources ?Full Duplex UART Serial Channel ?Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes ?Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode ?Watchdog Timer ?Dual Data Pointer ?Power-off Flag Description: The AT89 S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. Block diagram: Figure 4. 1-AT89S52 Block Diagram Figure 4. 2-AT89S52 Pin Diagram PIN DESCRIPTION ?VCC Supply voltage (+5V DC). ?GND Ground. ?Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. ?Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1. 0 and P1. 1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1. 0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1. 1/T2EX), ?Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). ?Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. ?ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programmi ng. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. ?PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. ?EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. ?XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. ?XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS: A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR). Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. ?Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode. ?Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register. Memory Organization: MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed. ?Program Memory: If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory. ?Data Memory: The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space. Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. ?Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out) The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 13-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT overflows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin. ?Using the WDT To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 13-bit counter overflows when it reaches 8191 (1FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must reset the WDT at least every 8191 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse duration is 96xTOSC, where TOSC=1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a WDT reset. ?WDT during Power-down and Idle In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode. With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count upon exit from IDLE. ?UART The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. For further information on the UART operation, refer to the ATMEL Web site ( atmel. com). From the home page, select ‘Products’, then ‘8051-Architecture Flash Microcontroller’, then ‘Product Overview’. ?Timer 0 and 1 Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. For further information on the timers’ operation, refer to the ATMEL Web site ( atmel. com). From the home page, select ‘Products’, then ‘8051-Architecture Flash Microcontroller’, then ‘Product Overview’. ?Timer 2 Timer 2 is a selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 3. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency. 4. 2 AT24C08 2-wire Serial EEPROM Features: ?Low-voltage and Standard-voltage Operation –2. 7 (VCC = 2. 7V to 5. 5V) –1. (VCC = 1. 8V to 5. 5V) ?Internally Organized 128 x 8 (1K), 256 x 8 (2K), 512 x 8 (4K), ? 1024 x 8 (8K) or 2048 x 8 (16K) ?2-wire Serial Interface ?Schmitt Trigger, Filtered Inputs for Noise Suppression ?Bi-directional Data Transfer Protocol ?100 kHz (1. 8V) and 400 kHz (2. 5V, 2. 7V, 5V) Compatibility ? Write Protect Pin for Hardware Data Prote ction ?8-byte Page (1K, 2K), 16-byte Page (4K, 8K, 16K) Write Modes ? Partial Page Writes are Allowed ?Self-timed Write Cycle (5 ms max) ?High-reliability –Endurance: 1 Million Write Cycles –Data Retention: 100 Years ?Automotive Grade, Extended Temperature and Lead-free/Halogen-free Devices ? Available ?8-lead PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP, 5-lead SOT23, ? 8-lead TSSOP and 8-ball dBGA2â„ ¢ Packages ?Description: The AT24C08 provides 8192 bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) organized as 1024 words of 8 bits each. The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where low-power and low-voltage operation are essential. The AT24C08 is available in space-saving 8-lead PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP, 5-lead SOT23 , 8- lead TSSOP and 8-ball dBGA2 packages and is accessed via a 2-wire serial interface Block diagram: Figure 4. 3-AT24C08 Block Diagram Figure 4. 4-AT24C08 Pin Diagram Pin Description ?SERIAL CLOCK (SCL): The SCL input is used to positive edge clock data into each EEPROM device and negative edge clock data out of each device. ?SERIAL DATA (SDA): The SDA pin is bi-directional for serial data transfer. This pin is open-drain driven and may be wire-ORed with any number of other open-drain or open collector devices. ?DEVICE/PAGE ADDRESSES (A2, A1, A0): The A2, A1 and A0 pins are device address inputs. The A0 pin is a no connect. The AT24C08 only uses the A2 input for hardwire addressing and a total of two 8K devices may be addressed on a single bus system. The A0 and A1 pins are no connects. Memory Organization ?AT24C08, 8K SERIAL EEPROM: Internally organized with 64 pages of 16 bytes each, the 8K requires a 10-bit data word address for random word addressing. Device Operation ?CLOCK and DATA TRANSITIONS: The SDA pin is normally pulled high with an external device. Data on the SDA pin may change only during SCL low time periods. ?START CONDITION: A high-to-low transition of SDA with SCL high is a start condition which must precede any other command STOP CONDITION: A low-to-high transition of SDA with SCL high is a stop condition. After a read sequence, the stop command will place the EEPROM in a standby power mode ? ACKNOWLEDGE: All addresses and data words are serially transmitted to and from the EEPROM in 8-bit words. The EEPROM sends a zero to acknowledge that it has received each word. ?STANDBY MODE: The AT24C08 features a low-power standby mode which is enabled: (a) upon power-up and (b) after the receipt of the STOP bit and the completion of any internal operations. ?MEMORY RESET: After an interruption in protocol, power loss or system eset, any 2- wire part can be reset by following these steps: 1. Clock up to 9 cycles. 2. Look for SDA high in each cycle while SCL is high. 3. Create a start condition. Device Addressing: The 8K EEPROM only uses the A2 device address bit with the next 2 bits being for memory page addressing. The A2 bit must compare to its corresponding hard-wired input pin. The A1 and A0 pins are not connected. Write Operations ?BYTE WRITE: A write operation requires an 8-bit data word address following the device address word and acknowledgment.

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